Essential for social development and bond maintenance. Absence of play is now a standard clinical indicator of severely compromised welfare. Negative Affective Systems: FEAR & RAGE:
The field continues to evolve with advancements in technology, genetics, and pharmacology. Essential for social development and bond maintenance
In production animal veterinary science (cattle, swine, poultry), behavior is the most sensitive indicator of welfare. Veterinary science has long focused on feed conversion ratios and mortality rates, but behavioral metrics are now used to audit farm welfare. Essential for social development and bond maintenance