: Providing an appropriate environment including shelter.
The formalization of these concepts is relatively modern, but their roots span millennia. Ancient Eastern philosophies, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism, have long championed ahimsa (non-injury to living beings). Conversely, Western philosophy historically leaned toward Cartesian dualism, where René Descartes infamously claimed animals were mere automata, incapable of feeling pain. : Providing an appropriate environment including shelter
Animal rights rejects the notion that animals are resources for human consumption or utility. Philosophers in this camp argue that animals possess inherent value and moral rights, including the right to life, liberty, and bodily integrity. including the right to life